Essay on Hip Hip - 1788 Words

The Introduction Hip hop as a ding an sich is marked by some confusion. Consider the name; is it quot;hip hop,quot; quot;hip-hopquot; or quot;hiphopquot;? You will see all three used in titles in this bibliography. Hip hop is, at the same time, a cultural phenomenon that developed in the late 70s in the projects in Brooklyn and the Bronx, and a musical style from that phenomenon. Nevertheless, hip hop has become a pervasive element of popular culture, as witnessed by this bibliography. There are hip hop exercise videos, childrens books as well as books, magazines, magazine articles and theses about it. Before we get to the bibliography, a brief hip hop history is in order. Hip hop began in the mid- to late 70s, but its roots†¦show more content†¦He participated in many early quot;battles,quot; or competitions between DJs and MCs. In addition to rapping, these battles were decided on who had the more interesting collection of breaks to play. Afrika Bambattas breaks were drawn from many genres, including rock, rhythm amp; blues, mambo, German disco and calypso.4 This aspect in hip hop, incorporating quot;found soundsquot; (which can include recorded samples of music by other groups in addition to voices or ambient sounds) has led to lawsuits when the groups involved failed to credit their sources.5 Another early hip hop innovator was DJ Grandmaster Flash. He extended Kool Hercs break beat deejaying by pre-cueing records to match the songs. This meant there was a much smoother transition between songs. matching songs. Indeed many of the recordings in the discography identify the number of beats per minute for each song, enabling a DJ to match songs on this basis. Scratching, an important part of hip hop music was developed by Grand Wizard Theodore. This technique involves moving a record back and forth underneath the needle, creating a scratching, percussive sound. This technique has led some to claim that hip hop has led to the emergence of the DJ as musician, calling the turntable used in this way a percussion instrument.6 Hip hop has also hadShow MoreRelatedHip Arthroplasty765 Words   |  4 PagesHip arthroplasty is the replacement of the hip joint with a prosthesis, and is one of the most common reconstructive operations (Huo et al 2008). Hip arthroplasty may be performed when irreversible damage has occurred to the joint; this damage often causes pain, dysfunction and reduced quality of life. The pre-operative nursing considerations begin with patient education. This should begin at the time the decision is made to have the surgical procedure performed. It is important that the patientRead MoreHip Dysplasi Research Report931 Words   |  4 Pages Hip Dysplasia By: Alaysha Heiner Biology Research report Genetic disorders Period 5 Based on the research I have completed, I have expanded my knowledge on hip dysplasia! 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It will begin by guiding the reader through how it ori ginated, its influence with the African-Americans with its subculture and popularity in urban areas, its styles of evolving, the introduction of hip hop andRead MoreProsthetic Hip Dislocation And Its Effects912 Words   |  4 PagesProsthetic Hip Dislocation A prosthetic hip dislocation means that your artificial hip joint (prosthesis) has moved out of place. This can happen because of a hard, direct hit or injury (trauma) to the hip, such as a fall. A prosthetic hip joint may be more likely to dislocate than a normal hip joint because a prosthetic hip joint does not have all the structures that normally hold the joint in place. After the prosthetic hip is moved back into place, you will generally recover fully. ProstheticRead MoreTotal Hip Arthroplasty ( Tha )1166 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Total hip arthroplasty (THA), commonly known as hip replacement, is a reconstructive orthopedic procedure that involves the surgical excision of the head and proximal neck of the femur and removal of the acetabular cartilage and subchondral bone(A). The damaged joint is replaced with an implant that mimics the motion of the natural joint and is made from combinations of metal, plastic and/or ceramic components(D). Joint replacement is one of five priority areas targeted for shorter

Race and Identity in Richard Wrights Black Boy - 2387 Words

Stephen Donato Professor Schmitz HSF 20 September 2012 Race and Identity in Richard Wright’s Black Boy Each and every person on this Earth today has an identity. Over the years, each individual creates their identity through past experiences, family, race, and many other factors. Race, which continues to cause problems in today’s world, places individuals into certain categories. Based on their race, people are designated to be part of a larger, or group identity instead of being viewed as a person with a unique identity. Throughout Richard Wright’s Black Boy, Richard is on a search for his true identity. Throughout Black Boy, one can see that Richard’s racial background assigns him with a certain identity or a certain way in which some†¦show more content†¦However, she is only doing this in order to help Richard survive in the future. By winning the right to the streets of Memphis, Richard is growing more independent. He no longer relies on his father to bring home food because he is not coming back, and he is able to stand up for himself when the time c omes. Richard becomes more independent throughout different experiences in Black Boy. Richard’s grandmother, a devoutly religious person, has an underlying grievance with Richard because he is not religious. Richard’s grandmother begins to shelter him by not buying him books which he needs for school. Richard explains, â€Å"I needed textbooks and had to wait for months to obtain them. Granny said that she would not buy worldly books for me† (Wright 143). In addition, Richard claims that his Granny always burned the books he had brought into the house, â€Å"branding them as worldly† (Wright 151). Richard needed money to buy his books, some new clothes, and lunch during the week at school. However, his grandmother continues to shelter him by not allowing him to work. When Richard asked to work on the weekends, Richard explains that â€Å"she laid down the injunction that I could not work on Saturdays while I slept under her roof† (Wright 147). Thes e two instances with his grandmother show Richard’s ambition. Richard wants to make something of himself, and does not want to sit back and live the usual life of a blackShow MoreRelated Richard Essay1302 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Richard Wright: Author of Black Boy† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Richard Wright’s â€Å"Black Boy† depicts the different observations of the South and the North. In the South, Wright faces pre-depression and racism. In the North, Wright faces the conflicts from the Communist party. At the end of Black Boy, Wright quotes â€Å"What had I got out of living in the city? What had I got out of living in the South?†(Wright 452) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Wright’s thought of the South was that the SouthRead More Racism in Richard Wrights Black Boy Essays878 Words   |  4 PagesRacism in Wrights Black Boy The theme of Richard Wrights autobiography Black Boy is racism. Wright grew up in the deep South; the Jim Crow South of the early twentieth century. From an early age Richard Wright was aware of two races, the black and the white. Yet he never understood the relations between the two races. The fact that he didnt understand but was always trying to, got him into trouble many times. When in Memphis, Wright reluctantly assumedRead MoreAnalysis Of Zora Neale Hurston s The Eyes Were Watching God Essay1690 Words   |  7 Pages Intersectionality is the study of identity that looks at how different aspects of identity intersect with each other to form specific and differing experiences of oppression. Zora Neale Hurston deals with the intersection of race and gender through the story of Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God. However, rather than seeing the way in which Hurston deals with this intersection, the author Richard Wright claims, â€Å"The sensory sweep of her novel carries no theme, no message, no thought. In the mainRead MoreBlack Males In America Often Suffer The Consequences Of1318 Words   |  6 PagesBlack males in America often suffer the consequences of stereotypical judgment placed upon them. Because of the conventional image given to black males, they immediately have to deal with the repercussions of social inequality. In what some consider à ¢â‚¬Å"White America†, white males have always been thought to have white privilege. Black males have been abused for hundreds of years, dating way back to slavery which began in the 1600’s. In 1940, Richard Wright wrote a book that later became one of theRead More Essay on Race in Invisible Man and Black Boy1153 Words   |  5 PagesThe Question of Race in Invisible Man and Black Boy      Ã‚   In the early twentieth century black American writers started employing modernist ways of argumentation to come up with possible answers to the race question. Two of the most outstanding figures of them on both, the literary and the political level, were Richard Wright, the most important voice in black American literature for the first half of the twentieth century (Norton, 548) and his contemporary Ralph Ellison, one of the mostRead MoreThe Concept of a Free Country Essay1371 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual is faced with the daunting task of overcoming society’s demons. Oppression because of race, gender, or sexual orientation has pervaded the American culture since its very institution. Where there is oppression, only two options are available for those discriminated. People struggling to attain freedom in America are often faced with the decision to either conform to society and lose their identity or fight a violent battle against society in order to maintain t heir individual culture. Read MoreBlack Boy by Richard Wright Essay1816 Words   |  8 PagesRichard Wright’s memoir Black Boy (American Hunger): A Record of Childhood and Youth recounts the author’s personal experience growing up as an African American male in the Jim Crow South, as well as his initial years in the North in the late 1920s. While it is a personal account of one man’s life in this time period, Wright’s memoir also sheds light on the broader role of black men in American society in the early twentieth century, particularly with respect to race, gender, and class relationsRead MoreHeroic: Black Boy by Richard Wright1416 Words   |  6 PagesIn Richard Wright’s Black Boy, you see not only the transformation of a young boy going into adulthood, but a fascinating story of a hero on a journey to discover his true identity and his part in society. â€Å"Heroism is not about rising to the top, fighting for ones rightful place in society, but rather about maki ng ones society and ones self whole. There is, however, also the notion that the right person can solve even global problems single-handedly. If the right person attempts such a feat, itRead More Violence in Richard Wright’s Black Boy Essay3538 Words   |  15 PagesViolence in Richard Wright’s Black Boy Most literary works centering on adolescence do not depict it as the proverbial walk through the park; a smooth transition between the naivet6 and innocence of childhood to the morality and self -awareness of adulthood is an implausibility confined to the most basic of fairy tales and weekday morning children’s television programming. When analyzed in depth, the mat uration process of a human being is depicted almost always as some sort of struggleRead MoreMichael Omi And Howard Winant : Define And Break Down The Essential Information Behind This Theory Essay1192 Words   |  5 Pagesracial categories† (Omi and Winant 16). In essence, this theory frames the very meaning of â€Å"race† itself. The stereotypes of race are rooted deep within the contexts of history, allowing these concepts to be subject to gradual change over time. In addition to the original standards of racial formations, there have been other writings that parallel very closely to the ideas set forth by Omi and Winant. Richard Wright, Pem D. Buck, and Karen Brodkin are three notable authors that have excellently highlighted

Racial Profiling and Murder by Police Sociology Ra Essay Example For Students

Racial Profiling and Murder by Police Sociology Ra Essay cism Prejudice Essays Racial Profiling and Murder by Police Theres a mass without roofs Theres a prison to fill Theres a countrys soul That reads post no bills Theres a strike and a line of cops Outside of the mill Theres the right to obey And theres the right to kill Zack De La Rocha This is America, home of the free. Here law and order is kept by a vigilant police force armed with semi-automatics and nightsticks. Here it is law and order to lynch blacks. Two-hundred years since this country was founded on principles of equality before the law, the meaning of equality remains the same. Amadou Diallo was equal to all other poor urban blacks, and he got his punishment by the law. His killers were equal to all other guardians of the white elite, and they gotacquited. The principle is well understood, invoking a strong Nazi-like patriotism in some. It fills me with profound respect for being an American and for living in a country that has a trial by jury, announced New York Mayor Giulani after the acquital of four police officers who fired 41 shots at Guinean immigrant Amadou Diallo as he stood outside his home in the Bronx. Giuliani, of course, clearly understands what it means to be American. Liberal apologists who seek to explain the meaning of the shooting and the acquital are the ones who are missing the mark. Forty-one shots are not a mistake. The acquital was not just a flaw in the system. This is the system, and it is one rooted in white male dominance and the rule of force. The system is working perfectly fine as long as cops stay out of prison and are free to use deadly force at will. But the system is supposed to treat people equally, some will say. Right-wingers eat this one up. They understand that equality, in any meaningful sense of the word, is not one of the tenents of American capitalism. Indeed, it is inequality which maintains the system. The majority must never enjoy the same rights and priveleges that the wealthy few do. A police force, whose function is to protect property and those who own property, is needed to enforce minority rule. As guardians of property and the class structure, police must enjoy rights afforded only to the minority, including the right to kill. The need to protect property rights over all others had been realized well before the founding of the United States of America and finds expression in the Constitution. James Madisons writings on the rights of minorities were speaking most often of the minority of the opulent. Diallo was a minority, just not the right kind. The Bronx is not known for its wealth. Its people are not the owners of property and can therefore only be a threat to those who are. Diallo was an enemy as soon as the cops saw him. The implications of all this are that there will continue to be Diallos and Louimas and Kings because a poor black can never be equal to a white cop. The system would no longer work. In life Amadou Diallo possesed only the right to obey. In death there is still no justice. The acquital of his killers seems to have effectively shown the NYPD, and surely other police, that killing civilians is acceptable. Indeed, the murders are mounting in New York as Giuliani continues to push his aggressive policing policies and continues to shield his killer cops from justice. The lesson was learned long ago, however, and Amadou Diallo and Patrick Dorismond are only some of the more recent examples. It is a lesson that was taught in the days of plantation slavery and in the murders of Black Panthers in the 60s and 70s. Its really quite simple: The rich and their guardians have the right to kill, the poor have the right to obey. .u1c957b281ba68cfeb9f6fd99947b52db , .u1c957b281ba68cfeb9f6fd99947b52db .postImageUrl , .u1c957b281ba68cfeb9f6fd99947b52db .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1c957b281ba68cfeb9f6fd99947b52db , .u1c957b281ba68cfeb9f6fd99947b52db:hover , .u1c957b281ba68cfeb9f6fd99947b52db:visited , .u1c957b281ba68cfeb9f6fd99947b52db:active { border:0!important; } .u1c957b281ba68cfeb9f6fd99947b52db .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1c957b281ba68cfeb9f6fd99947b52db { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1c957b281ba68cfeb9f6fd99947b52db:active , .u1c957b281ba68cfeb9f6fd99947b52db:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1c957b281ba68cfeb9f6fd99947b52db .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1c957b281ba68cfeb9f6fd99947b52db .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1c957b281ba68cfeb9f6fd99947b52db .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1c957b281ba68cfeb9f6fd99947b52db .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1c957b281ba68cfeb9f6fd99947b52db:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1c957b281ba68cfeb9f6fd99947b52db .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1c957b281ba68cfeb9f6fd99947b52db .u1c957b281ba68cfeb9f6fd99947b52db-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1c957b281ba68cfeb9f6fd99947b52db:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: John Donne Essay .

Air Quality in Modern and Industrialized Cities

Question: The problem of air quality in China came to the worlds attention during the 2008 Olympic games. The city of Linfen is considered one of the most polluted places on earth. Are there similarities between these modern cities and industrial cities in Britain during the 19th century? What are the issues? How is the context different? What long-term solutions can you suggest? Answer: During the 19th century, there was the absence of the Green Industrialization, which provokes the resemblance of pollution between the modern and industrial cities of Britain. The significant emergence of the industrialization theme is the primary reason causing the rise of typical issues faced by the modern cities (Chambers, 2013). Due to the industrial revolution, these cities are confronting the high risk of air pollution continuously hampering the environmental balance. The comparison between the contexts is highly complicated, as the condition of Lifen is roughly similar to the scenario of 21st century whereas the cities of Britain to the 19th century. Therefore, the need of a long-term solution is required by rethinking the economic development (Evans, 2014). Based on the arguments, the countries need to grow certain level of prosperity to move across the dirty phases of industrialization. References Chambers, L. A. (2013). Classification and extent of air pollution problems.Air Pollution Volume I. Evans, E. J. (2014).The forging of the modern state: early industrial Britain, 1783-1870. Routledge.

Airport Security Why Safety Is More Important Than Privacy Essay Example

Airport Security: Why Safety Is More Important Than Privacy Essay Sarker-3 Airport Security: Why Safety Is More Important than Privacy Since September 11th, people have become concerned about airport security. The millimeter body scanner is one of the outcomes of people’s concerns. The scanner creates a full body image that can reveal any suspicious element that may be concealed on their person. While this type of image can calm some fears, the scanner is now a controversial issue. Arguments for each side focus on two main areas: privacy and safety. When it comes to safety, most of us agree to give up some sort of personal freedom in order to be safe. On the other hand, the loss of some freedom can conflict with privacy, and some are not willing to give up some personal space to be safe. In other words, a line has been drawn between safety and privacy. In my opinion, we have to give up smaller self concerns in order to promote the common good. We should prioritize safety over privacy, even though body scanners violate some personal space. To understand how the issue of privacy and safety relate to security scanners fully, we must define first the function of the security scanner. A security scanner is a machine that creates a virtual image of a body and shows everything â€Å"opaquely† under a person’s clothes (USA TODAY). The scanner moves around a person and creates millimeter wave images that are three dimensional holographs (Lisa Vaas). After September 11, TSA (Transportation Security Administration) worked to place to have modern security systems in US airports, and the 3D scanner is the result of this modernization. However, the scanner is not accepted by all travelers. The lack of acceptance reveals concerns about privacy. We will write a custom essay sample on Airport Security: Why Safety Is More Important Than Privacy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Airport Security: Why Safety Is More Important Than Privacy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Airport Security: Why Safety Is More Important Than Privacy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sarker-4 Why should we be more concerned about safety than we are about privacy? To answer this question we will examine safety and its importance in terms of present fears and concerns. Then, we will consider the effect of not prioritizing safety in airport security. To do so, we must exemplify and give facts about the importance of safety and how it was ignored before September 11. Finally, we will analyze the matter of privacy, which is important but not as crucial as safety. In doing so, we will establish that safety should get priority over privacy in the current airport security system. Airport security is very important due to present rumors that cause fear and concerns about explosives in airplanes. On Christmas Eve of 2009, a Nigerian young man carried explosives beneath his underwear in Amsterdam Airport and was successful in boarding his plane. Fortunately, he was caught on the plane (â€Å"Airport body scanner†). If Amsterdam airport had virtual scanners, would the young man carrying explosives have made it onto the plane? Probably not. The flight was heading to Detroit, and if he had been successful, that incident would have drastically affected the American people psychologically. Given this example, it is likely the full body image scanners would be effective in strengthening airport security and calming people down. In fact, 78% of travelers who travel more than twice a year do not mind being scanned (Frank Thomas), and most of them actually â€Å"favor plans to install body scanners at airports† worldwide (USA TODAY). If the majority of travelers do not mind going through the scanner and actively support its installation, why should we neglect security by failing to install scanner in all airport? In using scanners in the airport, the Transportation Security Sarker-5 Administration is addressing people’s safety concerns. In current circumstances, having high technological security gives people psychological confidence to travel on planes. Despite safety, many people are concerned about their privacy in the present airport security system, especially with the use of 3D scanners. Many think present security and use of the full body scanner in airports is time consuming and ethically wrong. The new body scanners are not actually time consuming since the old, outdated system requires travelers to come to the airport hours before their flight. Therefore, the scanner does not take any extra time. Going through 3D scanner, however, still remains a concern because many individuals value privacy. Knowing the fact that the Millimeter Wave Scanner creates naked pictures of the entire body and security workers see the picture, some believe this scanner is an extraordinary invasion of privacy under the best of circumstances (USA TODAY). Therefore, the scanner still remains a concern. Those against the scanners are likely very passionate about defending their privacy. When it comes to exposing their bodies, they value their privacy over security. The privacy issue is serious but body scanner officials keep a very careful distance among the passenger and workers. The people who see the image can not see the person. They just detect whether the passenger holds any suspicious elements or weapons. The work is very strict in that they are not able to make fun of people’s bodies. However, there was an incident in Heathrow airport in London in which two workers had a fight over creating naked body image of a worker (Declan). The incident might be the reason to be concern of privacy, but that is rare regarding virtual imaging scanner. Sarker-6 Even though most of the negative rumors turn out to be wrong regarding the millimeter wave scanner, there are a few being proven right. Airport security officials said that they do not hold on to the images for more than 48 hours. This claim, however, was proven wrong, when it was discovered that â€Å"some police agencies are storing the controversial images after all. The U. S. Marshals Service admitted this week that it had surreptitiously saved tens of thousands of images recorded with a millimeter wave system at the security checkpoint of a single Florida courthouse. (Privacy Inc). In the article by Privacy Inc, there is reason for concern when dealing with privacy. But we can not draw any conclusion at this point. As we all know, most of the things in the world have positive and negative effects. As a democratic country’s citizens, we know majority wins. Therefore, it is imprudent to favor privacy over safety when it comes to preventing danger in airports, even if ten thousand images are being kept for security purposes. As many people urge to protect privacy, the TSA invested money to make airport security more tolerable inventing machine such can read minds. FAST (Future Attribute Screening Technology) is developing a scanner that can read minds. The underlying theory is that body reacts, in measurable and involuntary ways, to revel nature of intention. Putting laser cameras, measuring heart rate, body temperature, respiration and asking certain questions it will be measurable to determine naughty or nice intention (Cherry and Corley 61). As statistics show, safety has been a major concern and privacy has been a minor concern, yet technological advancement can strengthen both concerns. â€Å"We are not reading minds,† says Robert P Burns, a eputy director of innovation at the Homeland security Advanced Research Project s Agency and the FAST project manager Sarker-7 (Cherry and Corley 61). The virtual body scanner only scans body, but it can not read minds. If the FAST is able to develop a mind reading machine, that will be a revolutionary invention for our airport security system. The dream of a mind reader is not yet a reality, b ut given the facts and extreme incidents such as September 11th safety continues to be the most important priority. However, I understand why people might have concerns about privacy. No one wants an image created of his or her naked body, let alone seen by complete strangers. But we don’t have yet the technology that can provide safety and also protect people’s privacy. So, we have to stick to the best possible security and hope that the mind reader project will be successful. Airport security has gradually evolved since the tragic events of September 11th. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) worked to have new, more effective technology in place to protect citizens and prevent future national emergencies. The virtual security scanner is the outcome of this goal. Going through scanner might save the lives of thousands of people. Scanners have been effective but also criticized since their invention. As human beings, if given a choice between being subjected to the virtual body scanner or being in constant danger when traveling by plane, what would we chose? I definitely will choose to use the scanner. It is understandable to have moral values and concerns about naked images in the airport, but we can make a small sacrifice in order be safe.

Managing Energy Sources Essay Essay Example

Managing Energy Sources Essay Essay Example Managing Energy Sources Essay Essay Managing Energy Sources Essay Essay In today’s universe were the rate of world’s ownerships is deteriorating rapidly. There is far added force per unit area on the mill directors to build ware in a technique that supply greatest direction of energy. I would wish to take Motkamills for my faculty undertaking. which happens to be a paper factory which specialises in bring forthing laminating paper. I have chosen this peculiar industry because of the fact. mush for doing paper is extracted from the trees and this is one of the industries that need high monitoring to be energy efficient. Furthermore they need to be environment friendly as eco-system demands to be in perfect balance for endurance of worlds. The usage of energy monitoring and modulating procedure control systems can play a critical function in energy direction and in cut downing the demand of energy by this mill. These systems may include procedure such as sub-metering. monitoring. and control systems. They can drastically cut down the clip req uired to execute complex undertakings. frequently consequence in improved merchandise quality and consistence of any peculiar and can optimise process operations. Figure adapted by an ISO publication. â€Å"Typically. energy and cost nest eggs are about 5 % or more for many industrial applications of procedure control systems. These nest eggs apply to workss without updated procedure control systems ; many mush and paper Millss may already hold modern procedure control systems in topographic point to better energy efficiency† ( Kramer. october 2009 ) . Harmonizing to ( Kramer. october 2009 ) increase energy nest eggs further could be monetized by active energy monitoring squads and a through internal audit should be conducted by these squads. Specific energy nest eggs and payback periods for overall acceptance of energy monitoring and control systems vary greatly from works to works and company to company. A assortment of procedure control systems are available for all sorts of industrial procedures. Although energy direction systems thoughts are already widely spread in assorted industrial sectors. the public presentation of the systems can still be improved. which will as sist cut down costs. The energy salvaging procedure for 50 GPM of rescued H2O would approximately necessitate about 100 to 200 square pess of common production infinite. Utility demands would be compressed air. The estimation for entire affiliated HP for the full procedure would run from 15 to 20 HP. The operating and care costs for this procedure would dwell of electric power costs along with chemical purchases and care costs. The H2O recycle procedure would hold to be connected with and electrical burden in the scope of 15 to 20 HP. Based upon the figure of times H2O recycled associated power demands an one-year cost of $ 7. 500 would be incurred harmonizing to ( O’Connor. October2006 ) . The chemical ingestion rates estimated from the trial tally of this procedure were found to be really insistent. The one-year cost for chemicals is based upon the experimental operation disbursals extrapolated to an one-year ingestion rate. These costs are based upon the specific coagulator and flocculants needed for the pilot proving. The one-year cost is approximated at $ 16. 000. If the fiber is recovered or dewatered farther for disposal and the chemical intervention costs may be discounted as they are about same as to the chemical demands for the intervention of the fiber and fillers needed for the waste intervention works or the recovery of fiber through surrogate engineerings. Harmonizing to ( O’Connor. October2006 ) the care costs for the equipment are really hard to gauge. Other assorted fixs would be required for parts such as pumps. valves and instruments. For simpleness these cost are assumed to be one-year care cost of 2. 5 % of the capital equipment cost. This cost would be about $ 5. 000. The procedure is designed to be to the full automated. Daily tested by the mill’s lab staff to guarantee proper operation. The chemical and operating cost should be lower every bit good. There should be a benefit in retrieving the thickened stock from this watercourse for recycling in the factory and its value should clearly countervail the decrease on thermic nest eggs of the mill due to the execution of H2O recycling procedure. â€Å"The most of import natural stuffs used in a paper factory are mush fiber. H2O. and thermic and electrical energy. Decrease in the usage of any or all of these natural stuffs can hold a important. positive impact on the economic sciences of paper production and a mill’s underside line profitableness. Numerous commercially available engineerings are presently used throughout the paper industry for the recovery of fiber and clarified H2O from factory white H2O. † ( Romaro. september 2006 ) . Heat recovery systems could besides be utilized for minimising thermic and electrical energy usage. Nevertheless. all of these engineerings are capable to a figure of things such as public presentation. energy. efficiency. and dependability insufficiencies. It is considered impossible to bring forth economical high lucidity. â€Å" thermally rich H2O that may be substituted for fresh make-up H2O that typically requires heating to process-operating temperature† ( Romaro. september 2006 ) this means that you would hold to incur extra cost to recycle H2O which in bend will do you economically inefficient. As a consequence. with these present engineerings. paper Millss waste big measures of thermic and electrical energy and frequently lose their productiveness due to lower than coveted procedure runing temperatures. which they are unable to retrieve from important parts of their procedure H2O. effluent. and mush fiber. Companies all over the universe are highly witting of their C footmarks. More over European Union has aimed to lodge to the Kyoto protocol. â€Å"According to the burden-sharing understanding between EU Member States. Finland is committed under the Kyoto Protocol to conveying national mean one-year emanations down to their 1990 degree in the 2008–2012 periods. † ( Ojala. 4 feburay 2011 ) . Currently Motkamills has three production unit in Finland. for this to take topographic point they need to be energy efficient as we know that fuel costs make up a larger proportion of the costs in any given mills. being energy efficient will non merely convey down the operating costs for the twelvemonth of the mill but besides provide room for sustainable development. BibliographyKramer. M. a. X. . October 2009. Energy Efficiency Improvement and cost economy Opportunities for the mush and the paper industry. s. l. : BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY. O’Connor. K. . October2006. ENERGY EFFICIENT PAPER MILL PROCESS WATER AND WASTED PROCESS WATER FILTRATION FOR HIGH CLARITY WATER FOR REUSEAND FIBER RECOVERY. s. l. : The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority ( NYSERDA ) . Ojala. J. a. C. . 4 feburay 2011. Finland is implementing. s. l. : Ministry of the Environment. Finland. Romaro. B. . September 2006. PROCESS WATER FILTRATION FOR HIGH CLARITY WATER. s. l. : New YORK STATE ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY.

Plan for Reconstruction Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Plan for Reconstruction - Speech or Presentation Example From this paper it is clear that  both the sides dedicated themselves to the cause they deeply believed in. Let us not indulge in a cost and benefit analysis of this conflict, for how could one amount a cost that is steeped in the blood of our fellow Americans, no matter on which side they fought. Let us try to forget the worst that led us to this war and remember the quintessential American sense of gumption, equality and resilience that is a coveted essential for all the future attempts at reconstruction and reconciliation. Let us dare to once again be Americans in this moment of loss and sorrow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This paper outlines that the reporter's heart goes to our brothers from the South. It is not that they are less American. Who can deny the fact that their forefathers fought with courage, dedication and sincerity in the War for Independence. They are not only an undeniable constituent of what we reverently remember as our Founding Fathers, but a significant chunk of t he American Declaration of Independence and the American Constitution owe their origin to their timeless values and ethos. So let us once again remember the values of liberty and equality enshrined in the American Declaration of Independence, not because someone is telling us to do so, but because in the times marred by flux and turmoil, one ought to stick to something that is timeless and eternal.  We as Americans always believe that all men are born equal irrespective of their color, ethnicity and race.... Much has got ravaged, but this sacrosanct belief has thankfully managed to survive. None of you will deny the fact that our black brothers, who just a few days ago were called slaves, played a pivotal role in building the American economy, heritage and culture, with their blood, sweat and toil. Now once again our black brethren are looking towards you. They have gone nowhere. They are here to sweat with you in the immense reconstruction efforts that you need to undertake. All that they expect is the right to be treated as fellow human beings and a just and fair share commensurate to their contributions to the American way of life. Reconciliation with our black brethren is not only in consonance with our values, but also makes a sound economic and political sense. The Former Slaves All the efforts at reconstruction will be futile, unless we not extend our heartfelt apologies and regrets to our emancipated black brethren. I must say that none of us knows the meaning of freedom better t han them. Freedom is not something that solely belongs to the domain of constructive philosophy. Freedom is actually the basic instinct of humanity. Nobody teaches to birds the meaning of freedom, yet even they do understand what it means to be free and liberated. Hence, they who had been denied freedom for generations on the basis of economic and commercial premises are the ones who deserve to be free now. I know that the injustice perpetrated against you was not only a social failure, but a bigger systemic flaw in the institutions brought into existence by such a society. The memories of the Dred Scott decision by the Supreme Court, which deprived a whole race residing in the US for generations, of the right to be called a citizen are still fresh

Liable or Not Liable Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Liable or Not Liable - Essay Example , EcoCath made according to me, a full disclosure of their business position with regard to products of interests, marketing strategies projected income and other linkages with potential investor companies. All this were at the disposal of Medsystems to factor in, investigate the extent of their efficacy before getting into a contract with EcoCath (courtcases.net, 2000). In their representations preceding the contract, EcoCath table all the material facts to Medsystems. These included the fact that the financial projections were not real and were a mere assumptions made as the bench marks for the business (courtcases.net, 2000). In the EcoCath prospects delivered to Medsystems the position of the company in relation to capitalization, future plans, financial data and collaborative agreements were vivid (courtcases.net, 2000). The collaborative agreement can plays a pivotal role in EcoCath’s defense, this is because in it was the cautioned by EcoCath that the partnership enter ed into with other investors will be risky and that assurance could not be given to these strategic partners regarding the agreements reached. It is the fair to believe that Medsystems were operating at the apex of information when they decided to sign the agreement (courtcases.net, 2000). The innocence of EcoCath is also corroborated by the fact that in their response later of agreement, they unequivocally stated that their persuasion to enter into the partnership was occasioned not by the EcoCaths prospects but by their physical assessment of the company any consent from their technocrats. They also acknowledged the enormous risks involved in share investments and that in the event of loss they will bear the circumstances (courtcases.net, 2000). Medsystems’ suit

The Abolition of Slave Trade Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Abolition of Slave Trade - Research Paper Example The slaves were taken to farms growing cotton, tobacco among others. The Slave trade was very prevalent, and many of the American people contributed to the slave trade especially the settlers. A Slave trade is an important part of the history of America since its impact has affected America greatly. The descendants of slaves are still in America and form part of the American populations. They are American citizens. America was the heart of the slave trade where the slaves were brought from all sides of the continents under the British protectorate. Various other nationalities form part of the American society like the Asians. Most of the people were sold to the slave traders or forceful taken by the slave traders. The slaves contributed greatly to the world war though not of their free will. The abolition of the slave trade was to reduce and remove completely the injustices meted on the Africans who were brought to the shores of America through the Atlantic. They were not treated humanely and therefore were treated as animals. If a slave misbehaved, he or she was beaten like an animal and denied food. The harsh treatment led to a split between the American colonies. They had different interests especially the north did not condone slave trade while the south condoned. Even the passing of the law to abolish slave has halfhearted participation by the South. Slaves who had families were sometimes separately from their spouses especially where they were sold to other owners. The separation of families led to many problems especially with the children who could not be raised by both of their parents. The children were sometimes sold and hence taken away from their families. The slaves had not right to their freedom but belonged to their masters almost forever. The heartless handling of the slaves and the cruelty meted upon them led to an outcry by some congressional representatives. The slaves had no voice and therefore kept silent under while

Negative Aspects of IT on Social Communication

Negative Aspects of IT on Social Communication M2 Abuse of IT Now create additional blog pages that discuss the negative aspects of IT on social communication give examples and explanations using the headings underlined below please use your OWN words. Abuse of IT: Threats: This can range from hacking into someones computer to sending scamming emails designed to gather personal information. In many cases corporations and sell personal information for as little as 1p per person. This blog will explain different types of IT abuse and show examples of different real life situations. Cyber Bullying: This is the act of bullying or abusing a person using electronic devices such as a mobile phone, computers and tablets. Examples of cyberbullying include mean text messages or emails, rumors sent by email or posted on social networking sites, and embarrassing pictures, videos, websites, or fake profiles. One of the main problems with cyber bullying is the fact that it is consistent. Texts, emails and social network posts can be sent and uploaded at any time meaning the person be bullied cannot get away. With verbal and physical bullying the person can get away from it, buy staying in their home but cyber bullying is a consistent form of torture. One of the cyberbullying contenders is social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter. Once something is posted, it can be nearly impossible to remove as other people can screenshot it and then they will have it on their hard drive and can no longer be deleted. Cyberbullying has many effects on the person being bullied, these include: Drinking alcohol and using drugs Skipping school to avoid contact with the people bullying them Have lower self-esteem and get poor grades because of it Could lead to mental health problems In some cases, cyberbullying can lead to suicide. Cyberbullying has claimed many lives, such as the life of Hannah Smith 1999-2013. She was a 14-year old girl from lutterworth, Leicestershire, England, hanged herself in her bedroom on August 3rd, 2013. This is one of many cases in that people have ended their lives because of other people. The story tells us that this is a serious subject any should be reported instantly. Because people do not talk about it often ends badly but if you talk to someone it can, will be sorted, and can lead the bully in jail. https://www.stopbullying.gov/cyberbullying/what-is-it/ Spam: Spam is a form of advertising that you will receive unwillingly. This happen because at some point you gave your email address away on online forums, new groups etc. A spam email contains fake information and links that ask for Credit or Debit card information and personal information. Spam emails also come as a phishing email that disguise themselves as banks. They do this to get access to card details to take money out of your bank account. Spam is typically used to promote inexpensive pharmaceutical drugs, weight loss programs, job opportunities and online gambling.   These can lead to lose of personal information that companies can sell on so more people get access to your personal information and then you will receive more spam and fraudulent emails. Botnets is an example of a spamming technique used to command-and-control servers which collect email addresses and distribute spam emails. There are many warnings and news reports about fraud emails. There is a case of fake speeding ticket from Manchester. The police warned the public about the scam aimed at stealing bank details from businesses across the country. The email would invite people to click on a link that shows photographic evidence of the offence. http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/spam http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/warning-about-bogus-8216-speeding-ticket-8217-email-claiming-to-be-from-greater-manchester-police-scam/story-29978636-detail/story.html Phishing: Phishing is a form of fraud in which the attacker tries to learn information such as login credentials or account information. Phishing emails can disguise themselves as official emails from banks to try to gather bankcard details to use. They send you to a fake copy of the official website. There is a large variety of new reports about phishing emails. There is a news report on the Mirror website about fraudsters send out fake court summons that when opened give the computer the virus called The Trojan Horse. This virus give the sender complete control over the computer from anywhere in the world and gives then access to a large amount of personal information. In another case, a man was jailed for a phishing fraud that was sent out to UK students to try to steal  £1.5m. Olajide Onikoyi, 29, of Hexagon Close, Blackley, Manchester, sent out emails asking them to update details on their students loans. He stole  £393,000 from 283 victims in total before he was caught. Phishing emails are as effective as they are http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/phishing http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/technology-science/technology/beware-cyber-fraudsters-sending-out-3114925 Denial of Service Attacks: This is a method of preventing a web server from providing a service by overwhelming it with so many requests that it is unable to cope. An example of this is that a criminal might try to blackmail a company by threatening to attack their website unless the company gives them money. In some cases, political websites are attacked as the attacker does not agree with the political view. Identity Theft: This is the fraudulent use of using other peoples names and personal information to gain access to loans, credit card numbers and other relevant information. This allows the thief to possibly take out loans and buy multiple items in your name which will cause problems for you as you could end up in debt. Gerald Barnbaum lost his pharmacist license after committing Medicaid fraud. He stole the identity of Dr. Gerald Barnes and practiced medicine under his name. A type 1 diabetic died under his care. Dr. Barnes even worked as a staff physician for a center that gave exams to FBI agents. Hes currently serving hard time. In this case the consequences were rather extreme however there are more extreme cases out there. The reported cases show us that this is a serious problem as unqualified people are pretending to be Doctors and other trained staff. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-siciliano/10-unbelievable-identity_b_5239159.html Bibliography: https://www.stopbullying.gov/cyberbullying/what-is-it/ http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/spam http://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/warning-about-bogus-8216-speeding-ticket-8217-email-claiming-to-be-from-greater-manchester-police-scam/story-29978636-detail/story.html http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/phishing http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/technology-science/technology/beware-cyber-fraudsters-sending-out-3114925 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/robert-siciliano/10-unbelievable-identity_b_5239159.html

Shakespeare :: essays research papers

Personal life His life was a good one for the times, no money struggles or divorced parents. His father didn’t expect him to fallow in his footprints like most parents, but, he would have liked it. Instead his father wanted what was best for him. In turn he fallowed his dreams of acting, writing and producing plays. His childhood was hard working; he went to the king’s new grammar school. He also studied Latin and Greek which he incorporates in his plays. When he was 18, he was married to Anna Hathaway, aged 26. Their kids names were Susanna, Hamnet and Judith. Burbage’s influence on Shakespeare Both Shakespeare and Burbage were 20, interested in theater, both part of the lord’s chamberlain’s men and both seeking success. Burbage invented the actual name â€Å"theater† and paying at the doorway of the theater instead of in it. The Theater had to be taken down so they took it apart and set it back up on the bank side of London and named it the â€Å"Globe†. For the observers eye of Shakespeare’s plays in the Globe The performances would start at approximately 2 o clock in the after noon unless the flag was up, which meant that the weather was too bad to host the play. Part of the Globes roof was open and the rest was thatch making it easy for the weather to cancel performances. Its octagon, kind of circular shape and being 3 stories tall helped to create its name, the Globe. Up too 3000 people could fit in the Globe and payments went 1 penny for a ground view and 2 pennies for a gallery seat. The stage was a thrust stage with secret entrances and great performances until it burned down from a shot of clothe in a cannon that landed on the roof. The Globe was no longer a Theater. Life as an actor There are 10 key points to the life of an actor. 1. It was a long day 2. You had to repeat shows lots 3. Memorizing your lines 4. You had to be very skillful in portraying different personalities 5. Had to be entertaining for the audience

Too much tv

Watching something on a screen will not replace watching it in real life. The viewer will not get an education by watching shows like â€Å"The Sopranos† or â€Å"24†, Just like it will not make them dumber by watching shows like â€Å"Keeping up with the Sardinian. † Finally, it will not replace the fact that watching everything on a screen is not real life. While one can learn a great deal about what is going on in the world by watching the news on CNN or FOX or CBS, it is still important to try to get that same education in other forms like the newspaper, or the Internet.Getting everything you want from Just one source is never good, and it is Just too much T. V. I love watching television, and I watch it a lot, robbery more than I should. I love watching shows or the basketball game and losing myself in the excitement of a program. In addition, I like watching the news to learn what is going on in the world, what is going on domestically. For example I watch Nettling on rerun at night till I fall asleep or maybe I do it because I cannot sleep and I get bored.However, I have never felt smarter after I finished watching â€Å"The Big Bang Theory. † I may have felt in the past as though I have learned a thing or two, but do I feel smarter? Never. Steven Johnson argues that some television shows are so employ they make you â€Å"think† and make you smarter. For example he says that â€Å"you have to focus to follow the plot, and in focusing your exercising the parts of your brain that map social networks, that fill in missing information, that connect narrative threads (292). But does watching shows that don't make you think, like â€Å"Keeping up with the Sardinian,† make one dumber? Months ago, I watched the whole season of â€Å"Orange Is the New Black† on Nettling in the span of 2 days, After watching this show I did not feel smarter or dumber, I did not feel like I could survive in prison, I did not feel li ke I could be a lawyer. I did feel a little lazy, and kind of like I Just wasted a whole weekend. Watching some shows can make a Joke out of something and at the same time make a point about our society.Antonio Peacock in her essay â€Å"Family Guy and Freud: Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious† gives an example how Americans are willing to follow the instructions of a celebrity blindly- and less willing to admit that they are doing so (Peacock, 304). Television does the same thing, television might help keep the viewer interested on what is going on with what you are watching, but it is not teaching the viewer anything else about what is going on round you, it is Just stuck on whatever it is for the next 30 minutes.However, Television does have its benefits, it allows viewers to open up to things they may not have been open to before. It can help them see life is different in places like San Diego than in Israel or Egypt. There are benefits to watching a cooking a sh ow and learning a new recipe. And I understand how watching the new thriller can get you to think and try to solve a problem you would normally not do. However, the way you will get smarter or learn the new recipe is by actually doing those things yourself. I ill learn that new pose on yoga by actually trying it myself physically on the floor.Watching television and thinking we are educating ourselves and thinking we are learning something productive is kind of taking the easy way out. It is an easy way for ourselves to Justify sitting in front of the television so we don't have to go outside, or pick up a newspaper, or a book, or having a conversation with someone else. Standing up and running is always going to be better than watching the marathon on television. I love television, I spend a lot of time with it, but let us not make something of it which is not true. It is not a teacher, or a mentor, it is a form of entertainment and a way to lose your time.

The eNotes Blog Happy Birthday, ToniMorrison

Happy Birthday, ToniMorrison Today, February 18, marks the 82nd birthday of Toni Morrison. Morrison was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1988 for her novel Beloved.   She is the United States only living literary Nobel Prize winner (awarded to her in 1993). Morrison was born   Chloe Wofford to working class parents in 1931. She grew up in Lorain, Ohio and converted to Catholicism at age twelve.   Her baptismal name was Anthony, which is where Toni comes from; Morrison is her married name. In 1958, she married fellow  Howard University professor Harold Morrison. The couple had two children but divorced in 1964. In the late 1960s while a professor at Howard, Morrison began writing with an informal group of friends. She developed her first story there about a black girl who longed to have blue eyes. This story was the basis for her novel  The Bluest Eye  (1970).  Ã‚  Other novels have enjoyed both critical and popular success, including   Sula  (nominated for a National Book Award in 1975),  Song of Solomon  (1977),  Beloved  (1987) and  Jazz  (1992). Morrison has been called a writer who has enriched our literary heritage over a life of service, or a corpus of work   and one whose   novels [are] characterized   by visionary force and poetic import [and] give life to an essential aspect of American reality. Here are ten of the most memorable lines from Morrisons works  and lectures: 1.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Make up a story For our sake and yours forget your name in the street; tell us what the world has been to you in the dark places and in the light. Dont tell us what to believe, what to fear. Show us beliefs wide skirt and the stitch that unravels fears caul.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€¢Ã‚  Ã‚  The Nobel Lecture In Literature, 1993 2.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"She is a friend of my mind. She gather me, man. The pieces I am, she gather them and give them back to me in all the right order.†   Ã‚  Beloved 3.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Dont ever think I fell for you, or fell over you. I didnt fall in love, I rose in it.†   Jazz 4.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"I tell my students, When you get these jobs that you have been so brilliantly trained for, just remember that your real job is that if you are free, you need to free somebody else. If you have some power, then your job is to empower somebody else. This is not just a grab-bag candy game.† 5.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"What difference do it make if the thing you scared of is real or not?†   Song of Solomon   6.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"In this country American means white. Everybody else has to hyphenate.† 7.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Along with the idea of romantic love, she was introduced to anotherphysical beauty. Probably the most destructive ideas in the history of human thought. Both originated in envy, thrived in insecurity, and ended in disillusion.†   The Bluest Eye 8.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Love is or it aint. Thin love aint love at all.†   Beloved 9.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Gimme hate, Lord,† he whimpered. â€Å"I’ll take hate any day. But don’t give me love. I can’t take no more love, Lord. I can’t carry itIt’s too heavy. Jesus, you know, You know all about it. Ain’t it heavy? Jesus? Ain’t love heavy?†   Song of Solomon   10.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"All paradises, all utopias are designed by who is not there, by the people who are not allowed in.

Free Essays on China U.s Relations

The main focus of this paper is to analyze the Sino-American relationship and the factors both past and present that make it a complicated and very important issue, as well as future expectations for the development of continued relations. American contact with China in the past has been less than positive and China is a country that values respect and honesty in its value system. China and the USA do not share the same view of the world. There has been much misunderstanding and even underhanded policy when it came to the USA, especially with the changing of our presidents. Clinton was a strong supporter of having Asia involved in the future of America. He urged that China become a part of the World Trade Organization to make the relationship that of a partnership. He had been quoted as referring to China as a strategic partner while Bush described China as a strategic competitor. (Tyler p1) Imagine the shock of China to be turned from favored friend to possible enemy within the period of less than a year. In my opinion this is a relationship that both sides can mutually benefit from however up until this point it has been clouded by great egos and failed policies. This is an extremely important issue to discuss because China is one of the largest nations in terms of billions of people, as well as an upcoming superpower. In the future China will become stronger in terms of production and business, and the USA would be wise not to cause permanent damage by ignoring treaties and past foreign policy. America must remember they cannot change the rules of the game in the middle of playing! America is a democratic nation that values human rights, and in that platform fights a moral war naturally which would put the USA at odds with China on more than one issue. My personal expectations for the future of China and America’s diplomatic relationship is that it will continue to deteriorate if the USA does not find a better way to d... Free Essays on China U.s Relations Free Essays on China U.s Relations The main focus of this paper is to analyze the Sino-American relationship and the factors both past and present that make it a complicated and very important issue, as well as future expectations for the development of continued relations. American contact with China in the past has been less than positive and China is a country that values respect and honesty in its value system. China and the USA do not share the same view of the world. There has been much misunderstanding and even underhanded policy when it came to the USA, especially with the changing of our presidents. Clinton was a strong supporter of having Asia involved in the future of America. He urged that China become a part of the World Trade Organization to make the relationship that of a partnership. He had been quoted as referring to China as a strategic partner while Bush described China as a strategic competitor. (Tyler p1) Imagine the shock of China to be turned from favored friend to possible enemy within the period of less than a year. In my opinion this is a relationship that both sides can mutually benefit from however up until this point it has been clouded by great egos and failed policies. This is an extremely important issue to discuss because China is one of the largest nations in terms of billions of people, as well as an upcoming superpower. In the future China will become stronger in terms of production and business, and the USA would be wise not to cause permanent damage by ignoring treaties and past foreign policy. America must remember they cannot change the rules of the game in the middle of playing! America is a democratic nation that values human rights, and in that platform fights a moral war naturally which would put the USA at odds with China on more than one issue. My personal expectations for the future of China and America’s diplomatic relationship is that it will continue to deteriorate if the USA does not find a better way to d...

Brent Staples, just walk on by Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brent Staples, just walk on by - Essay Example Somehow, the author expresses his surprises about the sweeping generalizations superficially formulated for Blacks; and some are even the most non-sense ever. He conveys about the inability of the Whites to live peacefully and soundly with the Blacks; he conveys about the Whites unwillingness to stop and think about the freedom that makes America a new melting pot of races; the segregation that guards the possibility of openness between the two races so the Whites always feel troubled of the Blacks. The essay touches on three themes: the undying repercussions of segregation, discrimination, and the White’s traditionally ascribed fear over the Blacks. The author speaks in a personal point of view. He is black, which is quite clear. He uses his own experiences in order to corroborate his claims about how Blacks are always mistakenly referred to as the â€Å"bad† people of the society. He starts by describing Blacks being mistakenly thought of as wicked people. This wickedness even comes in an assorted fashion: thug, burglar, a constant source of fright. This, in some way, suggests of the direness of the White’s fear. The author uses his personal experience of a young woman whom he describes as â€Å"white, well-dressed† and young at her early twenties (Staples, â€Å"Just Walk on By†). Upon seeing him at a discreet distance, the woman scampered seriously. It is valid to surmise that they are strangers to each other but where did the fear of the woman come from? Seen this way, there has been a superficial generalization of Blacks as a threat or a danger. Where did these fresh Whites get their notion of Blacks as frightening? The Whites would always refer to the history between the two races: Whites being the more educated, superior ones while the Blacks remain slaves. In the later passages, the author uses the word â€Å"thunk† four times. This is an onomatopoeia that subtly refers to how the Whites

Power politics and the interaction among states Essay

Power politics and the interaction among states - Essay Example E-government has become a reality in most leading economies around the world including the USA, UK and most of the members of the European Union. Realism Realism is the school of thought that favors power politics and came up in the aftermath of World War II. Foreign policy makers and scholars rely on realism to provide a platform for analyzing and understanding the political climate of the world. The role of power in world politics came to the forefront after the conquest of the world by Nazism. The Second World War was believed to have been caused by various premises of idealism including ideas of collective security. Idealism may have had a great hand in world politics, especially in formation of the UN, but it was superseded by realism. Countries of the world held the idea that the only way to attain peace was through military action and war. Realism is based on several basic assumptions. These include that states are primary and most important entities in politics of the world. The other assumption is that states are unitary rational factors in world politics. The last assumption is that states seek power as their primary means and end. The assumptions are important in settling various international relations problems in the world. Some schools of thoughts hold that politics is a non-violent struggle for power. According to them, all policies enacted by politicians seek to gain, retain or increase power. Naturally, states are at the most advantageous position to exercise power and therefore, they are the most important entities in power. Military capability of a country is one of the most important measures of power. Analysts and realists hold the principles that since states are the most important entities in international relations, their power can be exercised through interstate relations. States act through their governments which act in a rational manner pursing national interests in an environment characterized by anarchy. Governments have a set of p rinciples and goals that they strive to achieve through various policies. In the ‘70s, various scholars challenged the concept of realism. Multinational corporations are non-state actors in international relations and during this era, they emerged as strong influences on international policies of various states. International organized groups such as the UN came up during this period. The scholars found that states cannot be held as the central most important players in politics. MNC have a great influence on politics. There were important changes in the structure of international systems in the second half of the twentieth century. Changes in technology used in transport and communication had an important impact on global politics. Increased independence of states led to a greater level of interstate relations. New issues emerged in the economic, social and political arenas of most countries. The state-centric assumption of realism came under criticism in the 1971 essay by Ro bert Keohane and Joseph Nye. Their essay recognized the importance of transnational interaction. According to them, nongovernmental actors have a great role to play in interactions between states. Their conclusion invalidated the claim that the state was the single most important player in politics. They suggested further research into various actors in politics (Keohane & Nye, 1971). Richard Mansbach and John Vasquez also advanced the theory of non-state actors. Their study concentrated on

Catholic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Catholic - Essay Example imes, the intellect and will contradict each other – for example when man seeks salvation in rewards for good deeds; holds on to blind faith in an omnipresent being; or establishes belief in the afterlife. That is why religion has mass appeal because it organizes these abstract principles, which are intangible, irrational and yet expresses the feelings which he feels. Religion therefore denotes the personal subject of the soul and justifies mans actions as he feels right. Religion and inevitably the belief in god is central to mans existence, because it has the power to make him believe in things beyond his intellectual grasp - such as concepts of hell and heaven, incarnation or resurrection etc. - and that God has created man and the universe (Berkhof 1996, p. 106). In this context, the Christian worldview offers the rationale that man’s understanding of the world is inherent in the beliefs grounded by belief in God (Albl 2009). Since God has created man and everything therein, then He has also established reasoning, faith and rationale for the order of nature. He has "fixed the foundations of the earth" (Albl 2009, p.31). Based on this understanding, one can explain the concept of sin in human anthropology. As God has created everything according to His reason, then man also understands and accepts His logos (rational order) like all other beings. It is the natural order of the universe that man must follow these laws or principles established by God. These principles are reflective of the natural order of creations of the universe. Anyone who goes against this order will break the laws and inevitably creates chaos. For example a man who commits murder will create extreme resentment within his community; a liar will create misunderstand ing among people; and a greedy individual will create imbalance in the economic status of the society. Since God has created man in His own image, it is understandable also that God expect man to behave as He wants. Any

Implementation Essay Example for Free

Implementation Essay The article by Pressman and Wildavsky analyses the problems associated with the implementation of EDA plan in Oakland. The Congress established the Economic Development Administration which went to different cities with the mandate of empowering the minority groups by providing them with jobs. The administration chose Oakland as a pilot project to experiment how provision of incentives such as loans and public works could create permanent jobs for the minority groups. Years later, the project proves to gain no fruits with the construction work at stand still and the loans plan dead and thus creating no jobs for the minority population. Following the failure of the plan, the authors try to figure out the main reasons why a plan that had big expectations and the federal government invested a lot of money in did not workout. The article also aims at creating an insight in the implementation of future project based on what happened on the Economic Development Administration plan in Oakland. The authors use the situation at the Oakland Economic Development Administration to relate to other similar policies and project and make several recommendations in the implementation of public policies. The article is therefore useful to public administrators who intend to implement project in the future. Due to the high level of unemployment, the political situation and the possibility of riots in Oakland, the city was the perfect choice for the experiment. During the first stages of implementation, there was a lot of hope in the plan. It was a new project and was funded by the central government and therefore was given priority over other projects in the city. Due to this, very many people were concerned with the progress of the project. Leaders and the political elites were very interested in it and were very committed to decisions touching directly on the project. Moreover, the money available for the implementation of the project was sufficiently enough to reduce the unemployment level in Oakland significantly. However, the pressure in the implementation was so high and decisions had to be made fast (Pressman Wildavsky, 1984). Due to pressure that forced quick decisions, projects were chosen and endorsed hurriedly to create the much needed jobs. The original projects included 10. 65 million dollars being allocated for an airport hangar, 10. 5 million dollars for a marine terminal, 2. 2 million dollars for a port industrial park and 414,000 dollars for an access road. Later, other projects like hangars in small airports, air cargo terminal and airport tower were added to the list. Unfortunately, as the project was being implemented, some problems emerged. One of the major problems was the false characterization of the experiment by the Economic Development Administration. Previously, government agencies had worked in the rural settings and therefore had a mindset on how such policies were to be implemented. Therefore, it became very hard for them to change their approach in the case of Oakland which was an urban center. The excitements of the new project faded very fast while the changes in the leadership and the complicated governance in Oakland delayed the implementation of the program. The problems in contracting and delayed implementation resulted in an increase in the total cost of the project. For example the estimated cost of the airport hangar went up by over five million dollars between 1966 and 1968. The changes in the leadership changed the commitment of leadership in the project. As time went on, the leadership in Washington was less committed or concerned with the progress of the project which was basically due to the change in leadership. The Economic Development Administration was also faced with a dilemma of whether to strive to perform and promise since different companies had received loans but had not kept their promise. Many companies did not follow the agreement after receiving the loans. The program was faced with numerous problems such that the number of jobs created was much less than the anticipated at the launch of the program. After analyzing the implementation of EDA in Oakland, the article makes some recommendations based on the failures of the program. The first recommendation is that, in the implementation of a policy, the implementation and the policy cannot be separated. Policy makers should therefore ensure that implementation is part of the initial policy making process. To reduce delays, the policy makers should formulate means that can be used to accomplish the program and eliminate the possibility of quick decisions in the implementation process. If the process of making decisions is made simple by making the process simpler, the likelihood of delays and possibility of failure is greatly reduced. The creations of proper machinery in the implementation and execution of the policy is also essential in the success of the program (Hill Hupe, 2002). The article then relates the analysis of the Oakland scenario with other situations related to the Economic Development Administration such as providing foreign aids. In this situation, there are needs that must be satisfied combined with the need to spend the funds provided in a hurry. These need and the pressure therein does not provide the correct atmosphere for the implementation of the policy. The article concludes that combining different decisions in the implementation of a policy has some positive as well as negative outcomes. Therefore if a policy is good and the execution of the program is also good, then the possibility of positive outcome is high. Similarly, if a policy is bad and the execution is poor, the outcome is also positive. However, if there is a combination of good and bad, there is always a problem associated in the implementation and there will be negative outcome. Rather than the individuals involved in the policy implementation â€Å"knowing that† they should be â€Å"knowing how† if the implementation has to yield fruits. Having knowledge on the facts and methods of implementing the policy and how to make things happen is equally important (Pressman Wildavsky, 1984). The two authors, Pressman and Wildavsky make keys suggestions on how policies should be developed. Their suggestions are based on careful analysis of the Oakland Economic Development Administration experimentation. Although the details is the Oakland project are very interesting to the reader, the way the two authors apply these details to other similar projects in the country is more interesting. Although the project implementation took place over four decades ago, the analysis is still very relevant in administration of programs today. The most important lesson from the article is that policy makers should consider the implementation of the policy as important as policy itself. The article also acknowledges the role of interest groups in the success of any public policy.

American Invasion of Iraq Essay -- Morality, Reasons, Exaggeration

The American invasion of Iraq was morally and humanely wrong. During the invasion of Iraq in 2003, American government went far beyond humanity when they gave spurious and idealistic reasons for invading Iraq. Over 1 million Iraqi citizens were killed and the country lived under terror for over 5 years due to the American actions. In 1991 George Bush Sr., attempted to invade Iraq, however, this mission ended before any major action was taken. George Bush Sr.’s advisers, one of them being Dick Cheny choose not to invade Iraq because of the fear that such an invasion could turn into a â€Å"quagmire†. In spite of that, when George W. Bush, the son of George Bush Sr., began his journey to possibly complete what his father wanted to accomplish 10 years ago, the invasion of Iraq. Bush benevolently argued that â€Å"democracy in the Middle East must occur,† and the best way he choose was by attacking Iraq. According to globalpolicy.org, â€Å"Before the war, Bush was repeatedly told there was no definitive evidence that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction. He knew Iraq was not a nuclear threat. He knew there was no Iraq connection to 9/11. Iraq posed no imminent danger to the United States. There was no case for a pre-emptive war.† â€Å"George W. Bush knew there was no solid prove that Iraq was planting weapons of mass destruction. There were no nuclear weapons in Iraq, not enough technology was developed in Iraq to target long range enemies; America was definitely not being aimed at. Nothing was being planned from the Iraqi side.† (globalpolicy.org) About the WMD excuse, George W. Bush lied that the Iraqi were a threat to its neighboring countries [Kuwait and Iran] and to the world peace due to the believe that weapon of mass destruct... ...ading Iraq have been told to the outside world yet. If powerful countries with solid military force like the United States is able to take-over a country for personal benefits then where will the world end up one day? George W. Bush was definitely in hype or hysteria when he made the decision for invading Iraq, this hype led United States into the war. History should always be used for granted; history is just like a lesson that is thought at any school, if you pay attention to it and learn from it, astray will not be your path. Works Cited http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/168/37699.html http://www.telegraph.co.uk /news/worldnews/1560915/Dick-Cheney-Iraq-quagmire-video-hits-the-web.html http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/01/09/60minutes/main592330.shtml http://www.teresi.us/html/writing/iraq_war.html http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3340723/

Working Together Story

It was a blustery Wednesday night; the sun was setting and darkness was descending on the public fields. A whistle blew and the boys playing football on the field all gathered round a small bald headed man called Kev Smith. Kev was the manager of a failing boys football team in the Greater Manchester U16'S 4th division. The team hadn't won a game for seven months and were last in the lowest league they could possibly be in. ‘Well done lads' said Kev with his harsh shrill voice, ‘ I have seen some promising things in training tonight and I'm sure if we keep training like that, we'll improve our skills and maybe not lose a game in the foreseeable future†¦ 12 ‘o' clock Sunday, next game†¦it's at home†¦. Be promt' he clapped his hands and the boy's departed, joking and messing about. Kev collected in the balls and poles and got into his car. On his way home, he put his team, (Oldham Fliers), into perspective- he realised his team was appalling. The goalkeeper only played there because he couldn't kick the ball. The defenders are rash and about as pacey as a slug, the midfield couldn't dribble or pass to save their life and the attackers had the flair and finishing of a bus. He laughed to himself, but in his heart he badly wanted his team to get a result one of these days, so they can experience triumph and taste victory. Sunday arrived- a cup game between Oldham fliers and second division leaders Rochdale boys. In the parks changing room, morale was low for Oldham. They're faded red plain shirts looked pathetic and their shorts of all colours looked shabby. ‘Now look lads, just because these lads have fancy kits and are in a higher league, doesn't mean we can't try as hard as them†¦all I want from you is 110 percent.' There was a uneasy pause and everyone looked at the floor ‘Here's today's team†¦ Twiggy, Goal, left Back, Dave Slowmann, right back, Joe Horsmann, centre backs, captain Si Horlock and Andy Fotheringham, midfield, Jason Frog, Jamie Stutterford, Lee Black and Andy Cheffsson an upfront we'll have Chris Gallagher and Paul Howmann.' The team were so unorganised they didn't even have any substitutes! ‘Come on lads lets give this all we've got and put it to them.' The unenthusiastic boys trudged out of the changing room onto the battlefield on which they were about to be conquered. The game ended 11-0 to Rochdale. Oldham played with no commitment and were frail at the best of times, things couldn't get much worse than this for the club. At half-time Kev tried his best to lift the players confidence and get them fired up for the game, but alls Kev could manage to do was warm them up by bringing them back into the changing room for the half-time break. The players ran around laboriously and panicked every time the ball came to one of them. The Oldham players strolled of the pitch and didn't look in the least surprised at the hammering. The clubs morale was also at an all time low and when a team are lacking confidence and morale it is visible by their performances. Kev said to his players while he was getting changed ‘If we want to win, we have to believe we're not beaten before we have even played the game.' Kev left and drove off, leaving the boys to change and talk alone. The silent boys than began to murmur amongst themselves until Andy Fotheringham made him self heard among the other boys, he said to them' Lets put in an extra special effort in training next week for Kev and play with some direction for a change, because we all want to, its†¦ it's†¦ just we don't believe we can, but I'm sure if we all tried and felt more confidence on the ball we could pull together and get a result. The boys started to murmur to each other more loudly and they all decided Andy was right and that they should all have some faith in themselves and try and pull off a result for Kev†¦ who gave up his time, week in, week out. Wednesday night arrived, and the team was warming up and running around the field before Kev arrived. When Kev pulled up at the pitch in his car he was astonished to see his lads doing something constructive instead of what they usually do before training which is throw mud at each other and try to trip each other over. Without saying anything to the boys Kev set up a drill and removed the equipment from the back of his car. The boys were far more accurate than usual when they did shooting practice and in the game at the end of training every single player ran around more and attempted more longer, harder passes and even some players thought up some neat moves and scored some excellent goals! Kev was surprised to say the least at his teams ‘confident' display. He thought to himself ‘what's brought this on?' Kev said ‘Home again on Sunday†¦ 1'o' clock. Lets put all our effort in training to good use in our game on Sunday†¦ all right lads?' Kev packed up the balls and cones and still couldn't believe his teams morale boost. Kev got in his car and drove off, leaving the pitch and hopefully the clubs slump behind him. ‘Same team as last week' said the sub-less once again manager. The words Kev said seemed to echo over the blank changing room walls, Today's fixture was against fellow strugglers in the league Salford all stars C team. ‘Lets show some confidence today lads and get this elusive result.' Without further ado the team left and were warming up on the pitch. It was amazing†¦ 0-0 at half time. Oldham hadn't conceded a goal and even looked dangerous! Every Salford attack was neatly broken down and despatched to a team-mate further up the pitch. Full-time came and Kev was numb from shock. It was the last minute, Lee black made a surging run and whipped in a hopeful looking cross which was rather awkwardly met by the head of Chris Gallagher, the ball skimmed of his head and looped over the advancing keeper and into an open net. The whistle blew and the boys stood still, they didn't know what to do, when it had sunk in they had scored they shouted and ran around pointlessly and even better the last touch the ball got from Chris' head was the final touch of the game and Oldham had ran out 1-0 victors! The disgraced Salford team plodded back in silence to their changing room. In the Oldham changing room the lads were making a hell of a noise chanting some English Anthems like ‘We're going to wembley' and ‘we are the champions' When Kev came in the boys fell silent. ‘For once, today we played as a team who believed in themselves and believe me lads, we played some very attractive football today, we should use this magnificent result as a building block for hopefully many more wins for the club†¦ so lets get ourselves in gear now and take this club into division 3!' said an ecstatic Kev. The boys all agreed with Kev and agreed they should all from now on work more together as a team. 5 years on Oldham Fliers are in division 3 and have attained a respectable league position, and have some talented young players†¦ and yes Kev is still there week in, week out.

Person-Centred Approaches to Counselling Unit Essay

The essay will evaluate the necessity and importance of the development of the core conditions in the counselling process and critically analyse the strengths and weaknesses of the person-centred approach on the counselling process. The Person-Centred Approach focuses on the clients own best authority as it is based on the client’s personal experience in his or her own life here and now. It shows the client as someone who has the ability of fulfilling his or her own potential for changes (Mearns & Thorne, 2007) I believe that Carl Rogers Person-Centred counselling is reliable. It developed the method of enhancing the relationship formed between a counsellor or therapist and client. Rogers proposes that the development of trust and understanding within this relationship encourages self-realization, and enables the client to acknowledge the problems and issues they are facing. This approach of encouragement and guidance, helps the client to feel comfortable about disclosing personal and private information to the counsellor, which in turn helps the client on their journey for there solutions (Mearns & Thorne 2007). Rogers identified certain core conditions which he believed to be necessary if clients are to make progress in counselling (Rogers, 1951). It defines the counsellor qualities and attitudes which if present, will easily change the growth within the client. The most important of these attitudes is the counsellor’s ability to understand the client’s feelings and showing respect for the client and being congruent or genuine. The Rogerian main core conditions are Empathy, Unconditional Positive Regard and Congruence or genuineness, but he also listed six conditions in additions to these three. 1. Two persons are in Psychological contact.  2. The first, whom we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable or anxious. 3. The second person, whom we shall term the therapist is congruence or integrated in the relationship. 4. The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for the client. 5. The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client’s internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this experience to the client. 6. The communication to the client of the therapist’s empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved (The Carl Rogers Reader, 1990). â€Å"No other conditions are necessary. If the six conditions exist and continue over a period of time, this is sufficient. The process of constructive personality change will follow†. (The Carl Rogers Reader 1990 page 221) Unconditional positive regard: According to the fourth condition, the client feels that the counsellor values him consistently throughout their relationship, despite the fact that he may not value himself and even if the counsellor does not like or approve of all the client’s behavior. (An example may be! A client tells the counsellor that he is thinking of leaving his wife and kids because he has just discovered he is gay). The counsellor may not like or agree with the client’s decision morally because of his/her own beliefs, whether religious or traditional. In such cases the counsellor has to show empathy, respect the client for who they are at that moment. It is in their power to take the matter to supervision later if they wish. Carl Rogers believed that unconditional positive regard is essential for a healthy relationship to develop between a client and the counselor (The Carl Rogers Reader, 1990). Therefore it is conclusive that people need love, acceptance, respect and warmth from others, but unfortunately these attitudes and feelings are often only given conditionally. As a person develops he/she needs love and acceptance from important people in their environment such as parents and peers. The individuals often deals with the condition accepting by others gradually to incorporate their conditions into their own views about themselves like the â€Å"I am†. Example like I am the sort of person who must never be late†, or â€Å"I am the sort of person who always respects others†, or â€Å"I am the sort of person who always keeps the house clean†. Due to a fundamental need for positive regard from others, it is easier to ‘be’ this sort of person so as to receive such positive feedback. Over time, the individual looses the sense of their own identity and their own evaluations of experience, and the individual may partly or even entirely change due to the pressures felt from other people or the environment around them. At the same time, we have a need for positive self-regard – to develop a sense of trust in the accuracy and reliability of our own inner experienced, it is on this we must depend if we are to become independent from and able to make good decisions about life and how we are to be in it. We learn to view ourselves as others view us, ignoring our inner experience whatever we feel it is in conflict with the values of those significant others on whom we depend. Roger’s term for this was locus of evaluation. By this, he meant the tendency of some people to rely on the evaluations of others for their feelings of acceptance and self esteem (Mearns & Thorne, 2007). Unconditional positive regard defined as being non-judgmental, accepting, and respectful toward the client (Mearns & Thorne, 2007). The background and moral differences of a client should not prevent the counsellor attaining the Rogerian conditions. The counsellor has to accept the positive and negativity of ones clients no matter their sexuality, culture or traditions and religious beliefs. The counsellor also has to show warmth towards his client. According to the fourth condition therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client’s internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this experience to the client. The warmth comes from the counsellor toward the client, helps to develops the trust between the counsellor and client relationship, but the counsellor has professional in showing warmth, because too little or too much will slow the development of trust in the process of the counselling sessions for some particular clients. The fifth condition can also be a part of empathy. â€Å"Empathy is a continuing process whereby the counsellor lays aside her own way of experiencing and perceiving reality, preferring to sense and respond to the experiencing and perceptions of her client. This sensing may be intense and enduring with the counsellor actually experiencing her client’s thoughts and feelings as powerfully as if they had originated in herself† (Mearns & Thorne 2007 p.67). Although there is only one physical world each individual experiences it differently. This is because we all have our own opinion and differences, and applying empathy will allow the counsellor to adapt to the client’s frame of mind. To illustrate, the counsellor should sense the client’s anger, fear, confusion or private world, as if these very things were the counsellor’s own feelings, It is of high importance that the client’s feelings or experiences do not emotionally distract the counsellor because it could pose a threat to the relationship between the counsellor and her client. Although the client may be desperate and lost in his/her world, the counsellor must remain as someone who is coherent and reliable, as well as sensitive. During the counsel sessions the therapist has to understand the feeling of the patient’s not doubt what the client means. The remarks must fit in with the therapist’s tone of voice which conveys with the client mood and content. Unless some communication of these empathic conditions has been achieved, then such attitudes do not exist in the relationship as far as the client is concerned. Therefore empathy is not just a technique of responding to the client, but it is a way of being in relation to one’s client. Empathy always makes the counsellor feels like being on the same train or bus as the client! It is the client journey (not the counsellor) which the counsellor is joining and staying with no matter how mountainous the journey is, without been carried away but still maintain the core conditions throughout t he counselling process. According to the third condition the therapist should be within the confines of this relationship, a genuine, real, or congruence person, unlike the psychodynamic therapist who generally maintains a ‘blank screen’ and reveals little of their own personality in therapy (Angles on Applied Psychology, 2003 page 47). Carl Rogers believes that it is the realness of the therapist in the relationship which is the most important element. It is when the therapist is natural and spontaneous that he seems to be most effective. (Rogers, 1973: 186). Congruence is the most important attribute in counselling, according to Rogers (Mearns & Thorne 2007). It means that within the relationship the counsellor is freely and deeply himself, with his own experiences representing his awareness of himself. The therapist has to support the client to encourage change and be positive. The therapist has to be open and professional during the counselling process. The aim is not for the therapist to express or talk out his own feelings but to be aware of his or her own boundaries so that he might not be bias to the client. It is important to be honest and at times may need to reflect on his/her feelings to the client, colleague or in supervision if it is standing in the way of the following conditions. Counsellors are sometimes faced with an exciting but frightening challenges, for some counsellor it is not difficult to be congruent whiles for others. They might find it very difficult or frightening but it could also confront us with the frightening possibility that we may not have the courage to meet that challenge, as Rogers wrote: different therapist achieve good results in quite different way ( Rogers, 1973) (example: the man who told the counsellor that he is thinking of leaving his wife because he is gay), it could be a frightening experience for the counsellor because of the counsellor’s background, but at the same time the counsellor have to be congruence and let the client know how they are feeling at the moment but the counsellor have to show the client unconditional positive regard and accept the client for who they really are. The therapist has to be transparent, by making himself or herself transparent to the client, the client can see right through what the therapist is in the relationship and that is how the client can develop trust for the counsellor. The famous Johari Window teaches us about the known to others but not to me and knows to me but not to others. There are aspects of our personality that we’re open about, and other elements that we keep to ourselves. There are things that others see in us that we’re not aware of, like the hidden area. This contains things others observe about us that we don’t know about ourselves. Again, they could be positive or negative behaviors that will affect the way others act towards us like our client. Congruence is about not having secrets, it’s about being true to oneself, and it’s also about establishing equal rights for all relationships so that the counsellor and the client can have an open but honest relationship throughout the process. Rogers’ most individual theoretical concept is that of actualization in which he is optimistic about Human Nature. Drawn from other theorists of his time, including Maslow (1962,1970), Rogers identifies that human motivation functions to assist us to reach our individual potential (Rogers 1977). In so doing we strive to achieve internal harmony between what we feel and what we experiences. By a process of our own internal experience we as individual develop by changes and adapting through the means of self regulation. This includes congruent awareness and expression of feelings evoked by experiences: we recognize, then express, what we feel about an experience. The actualization process is a motivational system from which our individual evolution and development occurs. Competing against this, however, is the conscious self. (Rogers 1959; Maslow 1962). It might help to understand Rogers better if we contrast his theories with those of freud because the two are so different. This contrast will show how Rogers can be thought of as optimistic about human nature, while freud took a far more pessimistic view. Freud thought that people were born with both life instincts and death instinct. In Freud’s system, two basic drives are associated with, or are part of the life and death instincts, the sexual drive and the aggressive drive. Freud thought that the aggressive drive was not usually directed towards the person himself or herself, but as it has energy and cannot be suppressed entirely, it is normally displaced onto objects or people in the environment. Freud was quite clear that, in his view, a tendency towards aggressive or destructive behavior is a natural condition of humankind. To Rogers, there is only one motivational force behind human behavior actualizing tendency. In contrast to Freud, Rogers thought that this basic motivation is constructive, creative and positive (Tonny Merry, 2003 p 17). But Both Freud and Rogers thought that childhood events are significant in shaping our adult personalities, but whereas Freud was not optimistic about the possibilities for change and development later on in life, Rogers certainly was. For example early childhood experiences are considered very important. The single most important factor is the degree to which we experienced love and acceptance from significant others, usually our parents. Rogers thought that children need to feel unconditionally loved and valued by people who are significant and important to them. The trouble is that love can be either conditional or unconditional. If love is offered unconditionally with no strings attached, then children are able to be naturally expressive and accepting of all their feelings. Conditional love refers to love that is given only if the child behaves in approved ways, and if the child behaves in the ways that are unacceptable, then he or she risks love being withdrawn. The result is that the child begins to think of himself or herself in terms of the evaluations of others, Rogers’ phrase for this was conditions of worth, and it refers to the ways in which our self concepts are fashioned by the judgments of those around us (Tony Merry, 2003 p 23).